1 Preformation and Epigenesis in the Origins of the Nervous System and Behavior: Issues Concepts and Their History. - I. Abstract. - II. Introduction. - III. Preformation and Epigenesis in the 18th Century. - IV. Preformation and Epigenesis in the 19th Century. - V. Recapitulation Theory and Embryology. - VI. Neopreformation Neoepigenesis and the Birth of Experimental Embryology. - VII. Roux's Contribution to the Heredity-Environment Question. - VIII. Weismann and the Role of the Environment in Development. - IX. Preformation and Epigenesis: A Final Resolution of Opposing Views (1900). - X. Genetics Eugenics and Instinct: Origins and Early Influences until 1910. - XI. Mendelian Genetics Eugenics and Instincts: Implications for Neurobehavioral Development (1910-1920). - XII. The Anti-instinct Movement and the Issue of Heredity vs. Environment (1920-1940). - XIII. A. Gesell Infant Development and the Issue of Maturation vs. Learning: A New Twist to the Heredity-Environment Controversy. - XIV. Neuroembryology and the Embryonic Origins of Behavior. - XV. Conclusions and Summary. - XVI. Acknowledgments. - XVII. References. - 2 A Reformulation of the Idea of Maturation. - I. Abstract. - II. Introduction. - III. Maturation as a Dichotomous Concept. - IV. Coaction in Ontogenesis. - V. Maturation as Species-Typical Developmental Systems. - VI. Conclusion. - VII. Acknowledgment. - VIII. References. - 3 Ontogeny: Toward A General Theoretical Framework for Ethology. - I. Abstract. - II. Introduction. - III. Background. - IV. Framework for Ontogeny. - V. Notes on the Remaining Framework for Ethology. - VI. Overview. - VII. Acknowledgments. - VIII. References. - 4 Motivation: A New Perspective on Some old Ideas Frederick. - I. Abstract. - II. Introduction. - III. Motivational Systems. - IV. How DoesMotivation Develop?. - V. Motivation Learning and Goal-Directed Activities. - VI. Competition. - VII. Foraging. - VIII. Conclusion. - IX. Acknowledgments. - X. References. - 5 Problems in Animal Perception and Learning and their Implications for Models of Imprinting. - I. Abstract. - II. The Internal Representation as an Explanation of Imprinting. - III. Recognition and the Organization of Behavior. - IV. The Acquisition and Organization of a Representation. - V. Conclusions. - VI. Acknowledgments. - VII. References. - 6 Ontogeny of Learning. - I. Abstract. - II. Introduction. - III. The Comparative Analysis of Learning. - IV. The Psychological Analysis of Learning: Common Comparative and Ontogenetic Research Strategies. - V. Associative Learning: Recent Formulations. - VI. The Ontogeny of Associative Learning. - VII. Conclusions. - VIII. Acknowledgments. - IX. References. - 7 Learning and Foraging Behavior. - I. Abstract. - II. Introduction. - III. Psychological Research on Animal Learning. - IV. Foraging Ecology and Learning. - V. Heterosis. - VI. Barriers to Interdisciplinary Progress. - VII. Acknowledgments. - VIII. References. - 8 Evolutionary Issues in Development of Behavioral Flexibility. - I. Abstract. - II. Introduction. - III. How Enrichment Affects Behavioral Capacities. - IV. Ecology and Evolution of Enrichment-Induced Plasticity. - V. Evidence. - VI. Suggestions for Research. - VII. Conclusions. - VIII. Acknowledgments. - IX. References. - 9 Intraspecific Variations in Mating Strategy. - I. Abstract. - II. Introduction. - III. Definitions. - IV. Alternative Mating Strategies. - V. Decision Processes in Strategy Choice. - VI. Proximate Factors. - VII. Ultimate (Evolutionary) Explanations. - VIII. Conclusions. - IX. Acknowledgments. - X. References. - 10 Cooperation Altruism and Restraint in the Reproduction of Carnivores. - I. Abstract. - II. Introduction. - III. Family Canidae. - IV. Family Felidae. - V. Family Hyaenidae. - VI. Family Viverridae. - VII. Family Procyonidae. - VIII. Discussion. - IX. Acknowledgments. - X. References. - 11 Reproductive Value and Behavioral Strategies: Coming of Age in Monkeys And Horses. - I. Abstract. - II. Concept of Reproductive Value. - III. Case Studies. - IV. Discussion. - V. Summary. - VI. Acknowledgments. - VII. References. - 12 Changes with Age in the Strategy of Social Behavior. - I. Abstract. - II. Introduction. - III. Kin Selection. - IV. On Eligibility and Generosity. - V. Altruism Cooperation and Competition. - VI. Matrix of Social Interactions. - VII. Appendix: Symbols Used in This Chapter. - VIII. Acknowledgments. - IX. References. Language: English